Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 Maret 1845 – 10 Februari 1923) ialah fisikawan Jerman yang merupakan penerima pertama Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika, pada tahun 1901, untuk penemuannya pada sinar-X, yang menandai dimulainya zaman fisika modern dan merevolusi kedokteran diagnostik.
Rontgen belajar di ETH Zurich dan kemudian guru besar fisika di Universitas Strasbourg (1876-79), Giessen (1879-88), Wurzburg (1888-1900), dan Munich (1900-20). Penelitiannya juga termasuk karya pada elastisitas, gerak pipa rambut pada fluida, panas gas tertentu, konduksi panas pada kristal, penyerapan panas oleh gas, dan piezoelektrisitas.
Pada tahun 1895, saat mengadakan percobaan dengan aliran arus listrik dan tabung gelas yang dikosongkan sebagian (tabung sinar katode), Rontgen mengamati bahwa potongan barium platinosianida yang berdekatan melepaskan sinar saat tabung itu dioperasikan. Ia merumuskan teori bahwa saat sinar katode (elektron) menembus dinding gelas tabung, beberapa radiasi yang tak diketahui terbentuk yang melintasi ruangan, menembus bahan kimia, dan menyebabkan fluoresensi. Pengamatan lebih lanjut mengungkapkan bahwa kertas, kayu, dan aluminum, di antara bahan lain, transparan pada bentuk baru radiasi ini.
Ia menemukan bahwa itu mempengaruhi plat fotografi, dan, sejak tidak secara nyata menunjukkan beberapa sifat cahaya, seperti refleksi atau refraksi, secara salah ia berpikir bahwa sinar itu tak berhubungan pada cahaya. Dalam pandangan pada sifat tak pasti itu, ia menyebut fenomena radiasi X, walau juga dikenal sebagai radiasi Rontgen. Ia mengambil fotografi sinar-X pertama, dari bagian dalam obyek logam dan tulang tangan istrinya.
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